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migrating-to-post-quantum-cryptography

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Build a cryptographic inventory/CBOM with OpenSSL 3.5+, deploy hybrid post-quantum key exchange (X25519MLKEM768) on TLS/VPN/SSH endpoints, generate ML-KEM/ML-DSA keys and PQC/hybrid certificates, and prioritize migration by harvest-now-decrypt-later (HNDL) exposure per NIST SP 1800-38. Use when inventorying enterprise cryptography for quantum-readiness, enabling hybrid PQC key exchange, or issuing and verifying PQC/hybrid certificates.

skills/migrating-to-post-quantum-cryptography/SKILL.md

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# Migrating to Post-Quantum Cryptography

[Credential-related source omitted]

## Overview

A cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) running Shor's algorithm will break the public-key cryptography that secures almost all of today's communications and signatures: RSA, finite-field and elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (DH/ECDH), and ECDSA. Symmetric primitives (AES) and hashes (SHA-2/3) are only weakened (Grover gives a quadratic speedup, mitigated by larger key/output sizes), but asymmetric algorithms are catastrophically broken. The most urgent threat is **harvest-now, decrypt-later (HNDL)**: adversaries capturing encrypted traffic today to decrypt once a CRQC exists, which puts long-lived secrets (health records, state secrets, intellectual property, root-of-trust keys) at risk *now*.

On 13 August 2024 NIST finalized the first post-quantum standards: **FIPS 203 (ML-KEM**, Module-Lattice KEM, formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber) for key establishment, **FIPS 204 (ML-DSA**, Module-Lattice digital signatures, formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium), and **FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA**, the stateless hash-based signature scheme SPHINCS+). The migration playbook (NIST SP 1800-38, *Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography*) is: (1) build a **cryptographic inventory / CBOM**, (2) prioritize by HNDL exposure and crypto-agility, (3) deploy **hybrid** schemes (a classical algorithm AND a PQC algorithm combined, e.g. `X25519MLKEM768`) so a break in either leg does not compromise the session, and (4) re-key and rotate.

This skill maps to ATT&CK **T1573 – Encrypted Channel**: the same cryptographic channels adversaries abuse for stealthy C2 are the channels defenders must make quantum-resistant; understanding the algorithms in use is foundational to both attack detection and defensive migration. The NIST CSF outcome is **PR.DS-02 (data-in-transit protection)** — and by extension data-at-rest for HNDL-sensitive stores.

## When to Use

- When building an enterprise cryptographic inventory / Cryptography Bill of Materials (CBOM) for quantum-readiness.