Individual skill
energy-systems
Applies energy-systems modelling conventions so that capacity, energy, cost and emissions numbers are consistent and comparable, covering kW versus kWh and MW versus MWh, capacity versus energy, capacity factors, load duration curves, the LCOE formula with discounting and capital recovery factors, dispatch and capacity-expansion modelling with PyPSA and pyomo, time-series alignment across time zones and interval conventions, emissions factors by scope, and the assumptions table every result needs. Use for power-system, generation cost, storage, grid-mix or decarbonization analyses; use statistical-conventions for the statistics and geoscience-data for weather and resource rasters.
backend/cli/skills/physics/energy-systems/SKILL.md
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# Energy systems modelling
Energy analysis fails on units and time before it fails on optimization: power confused
with energy, local time with UTC, period-start with period-end stamps, gross with net.
Write the conventions down before computing, and print them with the result.
## Units and definitions
1. Power is a rate (kW, MW, GW); energy is a quantity (kWh, MWh, GWh, also GJ and TWh),
energy = power x time. A 100 MW plant delivers at most 100 MWh per hour; annual output
is 100 MW x 8760 h x capacity factor. Never add MW to MWh. Conversions: 1 MWh =
3.6 GJ; 1 MMBtu = 1.055056 GJ; 1 toe = 41.868 GJ; 1 kWh = 3412.14 Btu. Heat rate in
Btu/kWh equals 3412.14 divided by efficiency. Distinguish MWe from MWth, PV MWdc from
MWac (inverter loading ratio), nameplate from net capacity (auxiliary loads).