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qa/unit-testing

单元测试方法论,覆盖 AAA 模式、Test Doubles、跨语言示例(JS/TS、Python、Go、Java)、前后端单元测试、边界与属性测试、变异测试

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# 单元测试方法论

## 单元测试的定义与原则

单元测试验证**最小可测试单元**(函数、方法、类、组件)的行为,隔离外部依赖。

### 核心原则

| 原则     | 说明                                             |
| -------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| **隔离** | 一个测试只验证一个行为,不依赖其他测试或外部系统 |
| **快速** | 毫秒级执行,全部单元测试应在秒级完成             |
| **确定** | 相同输入多次运行结果一致,不依赖时间/网络/随机数 |
| **可读** | 测试代码即文档,命名清晰表达意图                 |