Individual skill
system-and-data-design
Decide whether the system will hold, and where the data lives: requirements and load first, then back-of-the-envelope numbers, building blocks (cache, queue, load balancer, CDN), and the data layer in depth — storage engines, indexes, replication, partitioning, transactions and consistency, batch vs stream. Use when sizing or scaling anything; choosing a database, cache, queue or index; when asked "will this hold", "how many machines", "which database", "do we need a queue", "read replica", "sharding", "eventual consistency", "why is this query slow at scale"; when designing an ingestion or processing pipeline; or when a service is slow under load rather than wrong. Do NOT use for module layout, dependency direction or domain boundaries (use architecture-first), for function- and naming-level quality (use code-complexity), for restructuring code that is already too large (use refactoring-safely), or for a low-traffic internal tool where the honest answer is one process and one database.
skills/development/system-and-data-design/SKILL.md
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SKILL.mdcore · 6,754 bytesSKILL.mdcore · 6,754 bytesreferences/ddia-systems-original.mddoc · 20,142 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/batch-stream.mddoc · 14,302 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/data-models.mddoc · 11,808 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/fault-tolerance.mddoc · 15,239 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/partitioning.mddoc · 11,051 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/replication.mddoc · 10,958 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/storage-engines.mddoc · 11,313 bytesreferences/ddia-systems/transactions.mddoc · 13,126 bytesreferences/system-design-original.mddoc · 18,827 bytesreferences/system-design/building-blocks.mddoc · 11,730 bytesreferences/system-design/common-designs.mddoc · 12,139 bytesreferences/system-design/database-scaling.mddoc · 11,386 bytesreferences/system-design/estimation-numbers.mddoc · 8,617 bytesreferences/system-design/four-step-process.mddoc · 10,151 bytesreferences/system-design/reliability-operations.mddoc · 13,914 bytes
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# System and data design — will it hold, and where does the data live
Two questions that are usually asked together and answered separately, badly. Capacity
without storage internals gives a diagram that cannot be built; storage internals without
capacity gives a database choice with no reason behind it.
## Scope guard — read first
The most common failure here is answering at the wrong scale.
| Situation | Honest answer |
|---|---|
| Internal tool, tens of users | One process, one database, no cache. Stop. |
| Product with real traffic, single region | Estimate first; add a cache and a queue only where the numbers say |